Perceived Effects of Single Parenting on Youths of Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State
Keywords:
Single parenting; Youths; and Perceived effects
Abstract
This study was an assessment of perceived effects of single parenting on youths of Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. Three research questions were raised as a guide to achieving the main aim of this study. In addition, theory of Functionalist propounded by Emile Durkheim (20th century) was adopted to offer a theoretical base for the study. The descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed to study 393 youths sampled from a population of 267,400 indigenes using multi-staged sampling technique. Instrument was a validated and reliable questionnaire designed in line with the objectives. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and same revealed that single parenting has an overall perceived negative effect on youths’ educational status, moral conducts, and physical development of the area. The effect of single parenting on youths’ educational status includes difficulty in attending university level of education (3.71±0.66), poor academic supervision by parents (3.56±0.19), and low academic status (4.19±0.36). Similarly, the effect of single parenting on youths’ moral conducts were poor etiquettes (3.66±0.35), deviant behaviors (4.28±0.80), and lawless tendencies (3.90±0.14). Lastly, the effects on physical development includes inability to establish cordial relationships (3.12±0.72), economic and financial challenges (3.96±0.68), and lack of meaningful occupation (3.72±0.71). As a result, it was recommended that divorce among parents should be condemned culturally; parents should priotize children education as mandatory; Federal Government should declare free education for indigenes as a nation’s major oil producing zone, member Communities should maintain healthy and harmonious relationship and State attend to indigenes foremost concerning employment and rural development.
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References
Abdulraheem, A. F., Raimi, M. O. and Edet, M. A. (2018). Mother and father adolescent
relationships and substance use in the Niger delta: a case study of twenty-five (25) communities in Yenagoa local government of Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Sociology International Journal. MedCrave 2(6) pp. 541- 548
Adelani, T. &Ogunbanwo, B. (2008). Emergence of single parenthood in Nigeria and
ItsImplication onchild rearing. Continental Journal of Nursing Science,1, 9-12.Wilolud Online Journals.
Agbo, J. A. (1997). Effects of delinquent environment on academic achievements of primary
pupils in army children`s school Aware. The Nigerian Teacher Today (TNTT) A Journal of Teacher Education, 5(1& 2), 96-105.
Ali, S.K. &Soomar, S. M. (2019). Single Parenting: Understanding Reasons and Consequences. JOJ Nurse Health Care. 2019; 10(2): 555781. DOI: 10.19080/JOJNHC.2019.10.555781.
Amato P, Keith B. (2000). Parental divorce and the wellbeing. Metanal Psychol Bull.
2000;110(1):24–46.
Amund, L., Otto, RF., Bente, W., Oddrun S. & Ellen MH. (2019). Association between family structure and young people’s physical activity and screen time behaviors. BMC Public Health Volume 19, Article number: 433 (2019).
Anderson J. (2014). The impact of family structure on the health of children: Effects of
divorce. Linacre Q. 2014;81(4):378–387.
Arundell L, et al. (2016). The correlates of after-school sedentary behavior among children aged 5–18 years: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):58.
Azuka-Obieke, U. (2013). Singleparenting, psychological well-being and academic performance of adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 4(1), 112-117.
Baer J. (1999). The effects of family structure and SES on family processes in early
adolescence. J Adolescence. 1999;22:341–354.
Bandura (2012). Social Learning Theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of
Psychology,1, 1-36
Biehl A, et al. (2014). Parental marital status and childhood overweight and obesity in Norway: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(6):e004502.
Bradshaw, J. and Millar, J. (1991). Lone parent families in the UK. London: Crown press
Bryant, W. K. (1990). The economic organisation of the household. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.Casey, A.E. (2022). Child Well- Being in Single Families. The Annie E. Casey Foundation. Kid Count Data Book.
Clark, B., (2013). Canadian Paediatric Society, Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Committee. Supporting the mental health of children and youth of separating parents. Paediatr Child Health. 2013;18(7):373–377.
Chavda, K &Nisarga, V. (2023). Single Parenting: Impact on Child’s Development.
SageJournal. Volume 19, Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231179017
Chavda, and Nisarg, (2023); Ekpenyong, &Udisi, L. (2016); Daryanai1, Hamilton, Abramson, and Alloy,(2016); Ekpeyong, (2019); Abdulraheem, Raimi, and Edet, (2018).
Chavda, K. and Nisarg, V. (2023). Single Parenting: Impact on Child’s Development. Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health 19(1) 14–20, 2023. Pp. 14- 20.
Chia, PN &Terwase, JM (2022). Single Parenting in Nigeria: Social Implications. Contemporary Journal of Applied Psychology
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Dearden K, Crookston B, Madanat H, West J, Penny M, Cueto S (2013). What difference can
fathers make? Early paternal absence compromises Peruvian children’s growth. Matern Child Nutr. 2013, 9: 143-154. 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00347.x.
Durhei, D. (2001) Parental divorce and adult well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of marriage and family, 53(1): 43-58
Egbochuku, E. O. &Oliha, J. A. (2014). Effect of single parenthood on truant behaviour of
secondary school students in Edo State. International Journal of Educational Learning and Development, 2(3), 10-17.
Ekpeyong, A. S. (2019) Single Parenthood and Its Effect on the Nigerian Child: A Case Study of Amassoma Community in Bayelsa State. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) 3(7) July 2019. PP. 156- 163
Ekpenyong, N. S. &Udisi, L. (2016). Single-Parent Families and Their Impact on Children: A
Study of Amassoma Community in Bayelsa State. 4(9), European Journal of Research in Social Sciences.
Emery RE, (2011) topic ed. Divorce and separation—synthesis. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M,
Peters RDeV, eds. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development and Strategic Knowledge Cluster on Early Childhood Development; 2011: i-iii.
Essien, A. M. & Bassey, A. A.(2012). The social and religious challenges of single mothers in Nigeria. American Journal of Social Issues & Humanities,2(4), 240-257.
Falana, B., Bada, F. & Ayodele, C. (2012). Single-Parent Family Structure, Psychological, Social and Cognitive Development of Children in Ekiti State. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 2(2).
Frankel, L., Hughes, S., O’Connor, T., Power, T., Fisher, J., et. al., (2012). Parental Influences on Children’s Self-Regulation of Energy Intake: Insights from Developmental Literature on Emotion Regulation. Journal of Obesity, p. 12.
Gongala, S (2024). 6 Positive and Negative Effects of Single Parenting. https://www.momjunction.com/articles/effects-of-single-parenting_00373930/
Haimi, M.&Lerner A. (2016). The impact of parental separation and divorce on the health status of children, and the ways to improve it. J Clin Med Genomics. 2016;4(1):137.
Harkonen, J., &Dronkers, J. (2006). Stability and Change in the Educational Gradient of
Divorce: A Comparison of Seventeen Countries. European Sociological Review, 22(5), 501-517.
Harrison-Hale, A. O., McLoyd, V. C. & Smedley, A. (2004). Racial and ethnic status: Risk and protective processes among African American families. In Maton, K. I, Schellenbach, C. J., Leadbeater, B. J. &Solarz, A. L. (Eds). Investing in childrenand youth, families and communities: Strenghtsbased research policy (269-283).
Heck, KC and Parker, JD (2002). Family Structure, Social Status and Access to Health Care for Children. Health Service Research. 2002 Feb.; 37 (1): 171-184. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.99190
Hetherington &Elmor,(2003). Risk and resilience in children coping with their parents’ divorce and remarriage. In: Luther SS, ed. Resilience and Vulnerability Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities. Cambridge University Press; 2003:182–212.
Hofferth, S.L. & Pinzon, A.C. (2011). Household structure and children educational attainment: A perspective on co-residence with extended family. Demography, 48(1), 1269-1299.
Hoeve, M. Blokland, A. Dubas, J.S., Loeber, R., Gerris, J.R.M & van der Laan, P.H. (2008). Trajectories of Delinquency and Parenting Styles. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 36, 2, 223-235.
Hyunjoon, P. (2008). Effects of single parenthood on educational aspiration and student
disengagement in Korea. Demographic Research, 18(13) 377408
Jain, M.&Mahmoodi, V. (2022). Being one in a world of twos: experiences and consequences
of single parenting. Grad Stud J Psychol. [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 1;18. https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/gsjp/article/view/10930. Accessed Mar26, 2023.
Keswet, L. A. &Dapas, A. E. (2010). Challenges and coping strategies of single parents: case
study of BarkinLadi local government area of Plateau State. Journal of Home Economics Research,13,50-57.
Kelkar, G. (2024). What is descriptive Design and Why is it Important: The Ultimate Guide.
https://emeritus.org/blog/product-design-and-innovation-what-is-descriptive-design/
Kotwal, N. & Prabhakar, B. (2009). Problems faced by single mothers. Journal of
SocialScience21(3),197204.
Lyons-Ruth, K. &Jacobvitz, D. (1999). Attachment disorganizations: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioural and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications, (pp.520-554). New York: The Guildford Press.
McLanahan, S. & Gary, S., (1994). Growing Up with the Single Parent: What Hurts, what
Helps. Harvard University Press; 1994.
Marmot M, et al. (2010). Fair society, healthy lives. The Marmot Review. London: Institute of Health Equity; 2010.
Melinda, DO (2024). What are advantages of a Single-Parent Family?
https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_advantages_of_a_single-parent_family/article.htm
Meeker, M. (2011). All the singles mother, All the Single Mothers” from
http://wwww.psychologytoday. c o m / b l o g / f a m i l y matters/201010/all-the-single-mothers-all-the single-mothers on 8 June 2011.
Myers, A. N. (2012). LIBERIA: Alarming statistics show more 'single mothers' “–
Africa.com/human-rights/Liberiaalarming-statistics-Show-more“single-mothers”/on 9 February 2012.
Meyer, C. (2009). Five challenges facing divorced, single mums. The New York Times Company.
Myles, A. (2004).Women Health and Medicine, Philadelphia Open University Press.
Ntoimo, LFC &Odimegwu, CO, (2014). Health Effects of Single Motherhood on Children in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health Volume 14, Article:1145 (2014).
Nwachukwu, F. J. (1998). Single parent family-anemerging family in Nigeria. The Counsellor. 16, 137146.
Nzewunwah, P. N. (1995). The effect of single parenthood on the academic performance of
students. Unpublished M.Ed. Project. University of Lagos.
Odumosu, J. (1997). Divorce, Socio-economic status, and children’s cognitive-social
competence at school entry. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54 (3): 459-468
Paul R. Amato, Sarah Patterson, Brett Beattie (2015). A study on Single-parent households and children’s educational achievement: A state-level analysis; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.012
Raatikainen K, Heiskanen N, Heinonen S. (2005). Marriage still protects pregnancy. BJOG.
2005;112(10):1411–1416.
Rathus, SA. (2013). Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development. Cengage Learning; 2013
Robert, M (1996). Effects of early and recent maternal employment on children from lowincome families. Child Development, 48. 158166.
Roksa, J., & Potter, D. (2011). Parenting and Academic Achievement: integrational transmission of Educational Advantage. Sociology of Education, 84(4), 299-231.
Price SJ, Mckenry PC. (2001). Divorce Beverly Hills. In: Ricciuti B, et al., eds. Child
Development and Social Policy. University of Chicago Press; 2001:141–232.
Salami, B. O. (1998). Aetiology, treatment, and prevention of juvenile delinquency among School going adolescents in Nigeria. Journal of Research in Education, 2(11), 1-8.
Salmon, et. al., (2011). Health risks, correlates, and interventions to reduce sedentary behavior in young people. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(2):197–206.
Schaana VK, Schulza A, Schächingerb H, Vögelea C. (2019). Parental divorce is associated with an increased risk to develop mental disorders in women. J Affect Disord. 2019;257:91–99.
Schneider, D., &Harknett, K. (2019). Consequences of Single Parenthood for Subsequent
Educational Attainment and Family Formation. Social Forces, 97(4), 1487-1518.
Shaffer, M. (2002). Child Development outcomes among Children Living in one-parent
Families. Ottawa: Applied Research Branch, Human Resources Development Canada
Smith, S. (2022). Impact of Single Parenting on Children Development. Clinically Approved by Angela Welch. Marriage.com
Stack, RJ & Meredith, A (2017). The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An
Exploration of the Journey from Social Distress to Seeking Help. J Fam Econ Issues. 2017 Oct 17;39(2):233–242. doi: 10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6
Symeon, L. (2007). Cultural capital and family involving in children's education: Tales from
primary schools in Cyprus. British Journal of Sociology in Education, 28 4, 473487.
Thomas, L. (2023). Cross-Sectional Study, Definition, Uses and Examples.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/cross-sectional-study/
Thomson, E, McLanahan, SS, (2012). Reflections on “Family structure and child well-being:
Economic resources vs. parental socialization”. Soc Forces. 2012, 91: 45-53. 10.1093/sf/sos119.
Uzochukwu, M. (2015). Effects of single p a r e n t h o o d o n hubpages.com/hub/Effects-of Single Parenthood
Vella, SA, et al. (2014). Sports participation and parent-reported health-related quality of life in children: longitudinal associations. J Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1469–74.
Xu, T & Hui, W. (2019). The Impact of Having One Parent on Children’s Food Consumption
and Nutrition in China. Nutrients. 2019 Dec 17;11(12):3077. doi: 10.3390/nu11123077
Watt, B., Howells, K. and Delfabbro, P. (2004) ‘Juvenile Recidivism: Criminal Propensity, Social Control and Social Learning Theories’, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 11 (1): 141-153.
relationships and substance use in the Niger delta: a case study of twenty-five (25) communities in Yenagoa local government of Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Sociology International Journal. MedCrave 2(6) pp. 541- 548
Adelani, T. &Ogunbanwo, B. (2008). Emergence of single parenthood in Nigeria and
ItsImplication onchild rearing. Continental Journal of Nursing Science,1, 9-12.Wilolud Online Journals.
Agbo, J. A. (1997). Effects of delinquent environment on academic achievements of primary
pupils in army children`s school Aware. The Nigerian Teacher Today (TNTT) A Journal of Teacher Education, 5(1& 2), 96-105.
Ali, S.K. &Soomar, S. M. (2019). Single Parenting: Understanding Reasons and Consequences. JOJ Nurse Health Care. 2019; 10(2): 555781. DOI: 10.19080/JOJNHC.2019.10.555781.
Amato P, Keith B. (2000). Parental divorce and the wellbeing. Metanal Psychol Bull.
2000;110(1):24–46.
Amund, L., Otto, RF., Bente, W., Oddrun S. & Ellen MH. (2019). Association between family structure and young people’s physical activity and screen time behaviors. BMC Public Health Volume 19, Article number: 433 (2019).
Anderson J. (2014). The impact of family structure on the health of children: Effects of
divorce. Linacre Q. 2014;81(4):378–387.
Arundell L, et al. (2016). The correlates of after-school sedentary behavior among children aged 5–18 years: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):58.
Azuka-Obieke, U. (2013). Singleparenting, psychological well-being and academic performance of adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 4(1), 112-117.
Baer J. (1999). The effects of family structure and SES on family processes in early
adolescence. J Adolescence. 1999;22:341–354.
Bandura (2012). Social Learning Theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of
Psychology,1, 1-36
Biehl A, et al. (2014). Parental marital status and childhood overweight and obesity in Norway: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(6):e004502.
Bradshaw, J. and Millar, J. (1991). Lone parent families in the UK. London: Crown press
Bryant, W. K. (1990). The economic organisation of the household. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.Casey, A.E. (2022). Child Well- Being in Single Families. The Annie E. Casey Foundation. Kid Count Data Book.
Clark, B., (2013). Canadian Paediatric Society, Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Committee. Supporting the mental health of children and youth of separating parents. Paediatr Child Health. 2013;18(7):373–377.
Chavda, K &Nisarga, V. (2023). Single Parenting: Impact on Child’s Development.
SageJournal. Volume 19, Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231179017
Chavda, and Nisarg, (2023); Ekpenyong, &Udisi, L. (2016); Daryanai1, Hamilton, Abramson, and Alloy,(2016); Ekpeyong, (2019); Abdulraheem, Raimi, and Edet, (2018).
Chavda, K. and Nisarg, V. (2023). Single Parenting: Impact on Child’s Development. Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health 19(1) 14–20, 2023. Pp. 14- 20.
Chia, PN &Terwase, JM (2022). Single Parenting in Nigeria: Social Implications. Contemporary Journal of Applied Psychology
Daryanai1, I., Hamilton, J. L., Abramson, L. Y., and Alloy, L. B. (2016). Single Mother Parenting and Adolescent Psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2016 October; 44(7): 1411–1423. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0128-x.
Dearden K, Crookston B, Madanat H, West J, Penny M, Cueto S (2013). What difference can
fathers make? Early paternal absence compromises Peruvian children’s growth. Matern Child Nutr. 2013, 9: 143-154. 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00347.x.
Durhei, D. (2001) Parental divorce and adult well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of marriage and family, 53(1): 43-58
Egbochuku, E. O. &Oliha, J. A. (2014). Effect of single parenthood on truant behaviour of
secondary school students in Edo State. International Journal of Educational Learning and Development, 2(3), 10-17.
Ekpeyong, A. S. (2019) Single Parenthood and Its Effect on the Nigerian Child: A Case Study of Amassoma Community in Bayelsa State. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) 3(7) July 2019. PP. 156- 163
Ekpenyong, N. S. &Udisi, L. (2016). Single-Parent Families and Their Impact on Children: A
Study of Amassoma Community in Bayelsa State. 4(9), European Journal of Research in Social Sciences.
Emery RE, (2011) topic ed. Divorce and separation—synthesis. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M,
Peters RDeV, eds. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development and Strategic Knowledge Cluster on Early Childhood Development; 2011: i-iii.
Essien, A. M. & Bassey, A. A.(2012). The social and religious challenges of single mothers in Nigeria. American Journal of Social Issues & Humanities,2(4), 240-257.
Falana, B., Bada, F. & Ayodele, C. (2012). Single-Parent Family Structure, Psychological, Social and Cognitive Development of Children in Ekiti State. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 2(2).
Frankel, L., Hughes, S., O’Connor, T., Power, T., Fisher, J., et. al., (2012). Parental Influences on Children’s Self-Regulation of Energy Intake: Insights from Developmental Literature on Emotion Regulation. Journal of Obesity, p. 12.
Gongala, S (2024). 6 Positive and Negative Effects of Single Parenting. https://www.momjunction.com/articles/effects-of-single-parenting_00373930/
Haimi, M.&Lerner A. (2016). The impact of parental separation and divorce on the health status of children, and the ways to improve it. J Clin Med Genomics. 2016;4(1):137.
Harkonen, J., &Dronkers, J. (2006). Stability and Change in the Educational Gradient of
Divorce: A Comparison of Seventeen Countries. European Sociological Review, 22(5), 501-517.
Harrison-Hale, A. O., McLoyd, V. C. & Smedley, A. (2004). Racial and ethnic status: Risk and protective processes among African American families. In Maton, K. I, Schellenbach, C. J., Leadbeater, B. J. &Solarz, A. L. (Eds). Investing in childrenand youth, families and communities: Strenghtsbased research policy (269-283).
Heck, KC and Parker, JD (2002). Family Structure, Social Status and Access to Health Care for Children. Health Service Research. 2002 Feb.; 37 (1): 171-184. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.99190
Hetherington &Elmor,(2003). Risk and resilience in children coping with their parents’ divorce and remarriage. In: Luther SS, ed. Resilience and Vulnerability Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities. Cambridge University Press; 2003:182–212.
Hofferth, S.L. & Pinzon, A.C. (2011). Household structure and children educational attainment: A perspective on co-residence with extended family. Demography, 48(1), 1269-1299.
Hoeve, M. Blokland, A. Dubas, J.S., Loeber, R., Gerris, J.R.M & van der Laan, P.H. (2008). Trajectories of Delinquency and Parenting Styles. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 36, 2, 223-235.
Hyunjoon, P. (2008). Effects of single parenthood on educational aspiration and student
disengagement in Korea. Demographic Research, 18(13) 377408
Jain, M.&Mahmoodi, V. (2022). Being one in a world of twos: experiences and consequences
of single parenting. Grad Stud J Psychol. [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 1;18. https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/gsjp/article/view/10930. Accessed Mar26, 2023.
Keswet, L. A. &Dapas, A. E. (2010). Challenges and coping strategies of single parents: case
study of BarkinLadi local government area of Plateau State. Journal of Home Economics Research,13,50-57.
Kelkar, G. (2024). What is descriptive Design and Why is it Important: The Ultimate Guide.
https://emeritus.org/blog/product-design-and-innovation-what-is-descriptive-design/
Kotwal, N. & Prabhakar, B. (2009). Problems faced by single mothers. Journal of
SocialScience21(3),197204.
Lyons-Ruth, K. &Jacobvitz, D. (1999). Attachment disorganizations: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioural and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications, (pp.520-554). New York: The Guildford Press.
McLanahan, S. & Gary, S., (1994). Growing Up with the Single Parent: What Hurts, what
Helps. Harvard University Press; 1994.
Marmot M, et al. (2010). Fair society, healthy lives. The Marmot Review. London: Institute of Health Equity; 2010.
Melinda, DO (2024). What are advantages of a Single-Parent Family?
https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_advantages_of_a_single-parent_family/article.htm
Meeker, M. (2011). All the singles mother, All the Single Mothers” from
http://wwww.psychologytoday. c o m / b l o g / f a m i l y matters/201010/all-the-single-mothers-all-the single-mothers on 8 June 2011.
Myers, A. N. (2012). LIBERIA: Alarming statistics show more 'single mothers' “–
Africa.com/human-rights/Liberiaalarming-statistics-Show-more“single-mothers”/on 9 February 2012.
Meyer, C. (2009). Five challenges facing divorced, single mums. The New York Times Company.
Myles, A. (2004).Women Health and Medicine, Philadelphia Open University Press.
Ntoimo, LFC &Odimegwu, CO, (2014). Health Effects of Single Motherhood on Children in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health Volume 14, Article:1145 (2014).
Nwachukwu, F. J. (1998). Single parent family-anemerging family in Nigeria. The Counsellor. 16, 137146.
Nzewunwah, P. N. (1995). The effect of single parenthood on the academic performance of
students. Unpublished M.Ed. Project. University of Lagos.
Odumosu, J. (1997). Divorce, Socio-economic status, and children’s cognitive-social
competence at school entry. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54 (3): 459-468
Paul R. Amato, Sarah Patterson, Brett Beattie (2015). A study on Single-parent households and children’s educational achievement: A state-level analysis; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.012
Raatikainen K, Heiskanen N, Heinonen S. (2005). Marriage still protects pregnancy. BJOG.
2005;112(10):1411–1416.
Rathus, SA. (2013). Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development. Cengage Learning; 2013
Robert, M (1996). Effects of early and recent maternal employment on children from lowincome families. Child Development, 48. 158166.
Roksa, J., & Potter, D. (2011). Parenting and Academic Achievement: integrational transmission of Educational Advantage. Sociology of Education, 84(4), 299-231.
Price SJ, Mckenry PC. (2001). Divorce Beverly Hills. In: Ricciuti B, et al., eds. Child
Development and Social Policy. University of Chicago Press; 2001:141–232.
Salami, B. O. (1998). Aetiology, treatment, and prevention of juvenile delinquency among School going adolescents in Nigeria. Journal of Research in Education, 2(11), 1-8.
Salmon, et. al., (2011). Health risks, correlates, and interventions to reduce sedentary behavior in young people. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(2):197–206.
Schaana VK, Schulza A, Schächingerb H, Vögelea C. (2019). Parental divorce is associated with an increased risk to develop mental disorders in women. J Affect Disord. 2019;257:91–99.
Schneider, D., &Harknett, K. (2019). Consequences of Single Parenthood for Subsequent
Educational Attainment and Family Formation. Social Forces, 97(4), 1487-1518.
Shaffer, M. (2002). Child Development outcomes among Children Living in one-parent
Families. Ottawa: Applied Research Branch, Human Resources Development Canada
Smith, S. (2022). Impact of Single Parenting on Children Development. Clinically Approved by Angela Welch. Marriage.com
Stack, RJ & Meredith, A (2017). The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An
Exploration of the Journey from Social Distress to Seeking Help. J Fam Econ Issues. 2017 Oct 17;39(2):233–242. doi: 10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6
Symeon, L. (2007). Cultural capital and family involving in children's education: Tales from
primary schools in Cyprus. British Journal of Sociology in Education, 28 4, 473487.
Thomas, L. (2023). Cross-Sectional Study, Definition, Uses and Examples.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/cross-sectional-study/
Thomson, E, McLanahan, SS, (2012). Reflections on “Family structure and child well-being:
Economic resources vs. parental socialization”. Soc Forces. 2012, 91: 45-53. 10.1093/sf/sos119.
Uzochukwu, M. (2015). Effects of single p a r e n t h o o d o n hubpages.com/hub/Effects-of Single Parenthood
Vella, SA, et al. (2014). Sports participation and parent-reported health-related quality of life in children: longitudinal associations. J Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1469–74.
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Published
2024-11-30
How to Cite
Edet Okon, U., Augustina Chikaodili, I., Igirigi Deinabobo, D.-B., Lawrence Ayah, I., Patricia G.N., H., & Isaac W., I. (2024). Perceived Effects of Single Parenting on Youths of Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 7(10), 19-44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14272921
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Articles
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