GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research

La quête identitaire par la déconstruction de l’imaginaire colonial dans les œuvres de Scholastique Mukasonga

Latifa BOUTAZAT — Wed, 24 Apr 2024 11:31:24 +0000

RÉSUMÉ : A travers, le cadre socio-historique, anthropologique et culturel du Rwanda, ce travail aborde la thématique de l’histoire de l’Afrique à travers le regard de l’Occident et notamment l’Histoire du Rwanda dans les œuvres de Scholastique Mukasonga. Le projet de l’écrivaine vise à démontrer la profondeur du malaise social et culturel que produit le discours de l’Occident sur l’Histoire rwandaise et le génocide des Tutsis. La déconstruction identitaire véhiculée par l’instauration de classifications menée par le discours colonial suite à la théorie de l’idéologie hamitique a eu pour première conséquence, l’expropriation identitaire des Tutsis. En effet, l’idéologie hamitique évolue en une idéologie raciale mettant en pratique le clivage ethnique qui tend à définir une société selon ses gènes. De ce fait, cette construction biologique des catégories, va permettre la manipulation politique de la population rwandaise et sa division. Scholastique Mukasonga, survivante du génocide, dénonce ainsi cette ségrégation identitaire et raciale et apporte son témoignage. L’écriture devient pour l’écrivaine un moyen de transposer l’Histoire à travers le texte littéraire tout en faisant un travail de résilience. Ecrire l’indicible, mettre des mots sur son expérience traumatique, en tentant d’exprimer l’innommable est pour l’écrivaine un devoir de mémoire pour sa communauté.

Ainsi ce travail se veut être une réflexion sur l’impact du regard de L’Occident dans la construction d’un imaginaire faussé sur l’histoire du Rwanda impliquant la déshumanisation des Tutsis. Souligner le rôle de l’écrivain dans la quête et la reconstruction identitaire tout en se questionnant sur la place (ou l’avenir) du « témoignage littéraire » dans la production des savoirs en Afrique et la connaissance des sociétés africaines

ABSTRACT

Through the socio-historical, anthropological, and cultural framework of Rwanda, this work addresses the theme of African history from the perspective of the West, focusing specifically on the history of Rwanda as depicted in the works of Scholastique Mukasonga. The writer's projectaims to demonstrate the depth of social and cultural unease produced by the Western discourse on Rwandan history and the genocide of the Tutsis. The identity deconstruction propagated by the establishment of classifications through colonial discourse following the theory of Hamiticideology had, as its initial consequence, the identity expropriation of the Tutsis. Indeed, Hamiticideology evolved into a racial ideology implementing ethnic division that seeks to define a society based on genetics. Consequently, this biological construction of categories allowed for the political manipulation and division of the Rwandan population. Scholastique Mukasonga, a genocide survivor, denounces this identity and racial segregation while providing her testimony. Writing becomes for the author a means to transpose history through literary text while engaging in a process of resilience. Writing the unspeakable, putting words to traumatic experiences, and attempting to express the unspeakable is, for the author, a duty of remembrance for her community.

Thus, this work aims to be a reflection on the impact of the Western gaze in shaping a distorted imaginary of Rwandan history, involving the dehumanization of the Tutsis. It highlights the role of the writer in the quest for and reconstruction of identity while questioning the place (orfuture) of "literary testimony" in the production of knowledge in Africa and the understanding of African societies

IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES ON UPPER BASIC SOCIAL STUDIES STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

SUBERU, Shoba Barry, Ogheneakoke, E. C., Dania, P. O. — Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the impact of construction of instructional resources on Upper basic Social Studies students’ academic performance in Delta State, Nigeria. The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. The study adopted the quasi-experimental research design on a population of 850 who were administered treatment chosen through the simple random sampling method of balloting type. The instrument for data collection was the Social Studies Achievement Test (SSAT). Data generated were analyzed using the mean and standard deviation for the stated research questions, while the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the formulated null hypotheses at an alpha of 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that; there is a significant effect of location on the pretest posttest mean scores on learners and academic performance taught Social Studies with construction learning method and lecture methods; there is a significant effect of sex on the pretest and posttest mean scores on learners academic performance taught Social Studies with construction learning method and lecture method. The study concluded that construction learning method have effect on the pretest posttest mean scores of the learner and that it enhances their cognitive, affective and psychomotor domain of knowledge; equipping the learner based on their characteristics to improvise instructional materials, which have been teacher-centered activities. The study recommended amongst others that teachers of Upper Basic Social Studies should adopt constructive learning method in the delivery of instruction as this method make learning concrete, tangible and effective as against lecture learning method that tends to isolate the students during the delivery of instruction.

Influence of Religious Inclination, School Type and Attitudeon Upper Basic Social Studies Students Sexual Behaviour in Edo and Delta States

Akhogbai, E. M, Ogheneakoke, E. C, Dania, P. O. — Wed, 24 Apr 2024 18:33:28 +0000

This study examined the influence of religious inclination, school type and attitudeon Upper Basic SocialStudies Students sexual behaviour in Edo and DeltaStates. Three research questions were raised and three null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. This study adopted a Descriptive Survey Research Design on a population of fifty-one thousand, six hundred and twenty-four and a sample size of 720 respondents was employed via the multi-stage sampling technique. Findings of the study revealed amongst others that, there was no significant relationship between religious inclination and school type and Upper Basic Social Studies Students towards sexual behaviour. There was a significant relationship of Upper Basic Social Studies Students’ attitude towards sexual behaviour. The study concluded that religious inclination and school type does not influence Upper basic Social Studies students sexual behaviour in Edo and Delta States; and that the attitude of Upper Basic Social Studies students influences their sexual behaviour in Edo and Delta States. The study made recommendations accordingly.

Exploring the Effectiveness of Healthcare Expenditure in Reducing Maternal Mortality in Nigeria

Fri, 26 Apr 2024 18:12:35 +0000

The high rate of maternal mortality and the need to improve on healthcare delivery necessitated the imperativeness to investigate how healthcare spending (both government and private) affect mortality among women in Nigeria between 1981 and 2022. Time series data were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), World Development Indicator (WDI) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) were employed as techniques for data analysis and the results revealed that government budgetary allocation to the health sector has significant negative impact on women mortality rate. This explains the effectiveness of public healthcare spending in improving the health status of women. The results further revealed that private sector spending is not significant in reducing the mortality among women. This could be linked to the low of out-of-pocket healthcare spending which limits its potentials in reducing women mortality level. Given the findings, this study recommended among others for the implementation of an expansionary fiscal policy to improve government spending on health sector, and in so doing reduce mortality among women in Nigeria.

INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT IN A WORLD ‘RULED’ BY PUTIN

DAPO THOMAS — Sat, 27 Apr 2024 13:17:36 +0000

Vladimir Putin’s excesses in Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova - where Russia occupies parts of these countries’ territories - make him the ‘ruler’ of the world as no other country can boast of this record. Putin’s atrocities all over the world are legion and are well documented. This paper, therefore, argued against Putin’s reckless disposition towards constituted authorities. The International Community should rise to the occasion by censuring Putin. His mobilization of Russians all over the world to come together as it was in the past when they were all under the Soviet Union was the motivation for his unnecessary war against Ukraine. Allowing Putin to have his way through the use of force portends danger and threat to the international system. Putin’s antics should not be tolerated by other stakeholders most of whom are conducting themselves in a very responsible manner. The absence of a central political authority in international relations is not a license for the coronation of a “World Tsar”

Reflective Indices of Africanfuturism in Ibi Zoboi’s Nigeria Jones

ADEJUMO Adewale Ezekiel, AKINTARO Akintunde Olaoluwa — Mon, 06 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Racism and segregation against the Blacks in the Diaspora paves way for Africanfuturism as a concept coined by African, Nnedi Okorafor, to anticipate the future of Africans or the Blacks in the Diaspora. Previous studies focused on Afrofuturism and the theme of race, identity, and violence as a way to address racism. However, this study investigates reflective indices of Africanfuturism in Ibi Zoboi’s Nigeria Jones, as Africanfuturism work with the aim to restore lost identity and negotiate new identity as a means of survival in a strange land. It uses African history, African belief system and worldviews to restore the future of Africans in the Diaspora. Decolonial theory is used for this paper. The template of Ato Quayson and Ankhi Mukherjee’s Decolonial theory serves as the analytical tool for this study. This study reveals instances of African history in Ibi Zoboi’s Nigeria Jones such as Sankofa of the Akan people of Ghana, Malcom X’s struggles, and Mau Mau’s resistance. It also reveals African belief system such as Ubuntu, Uhuru, and the coming of the dead of African ancestors asa therapy to their people during the birthday of the child, Freedom Sankofa. African worldviews such as the concept of family in Africa, andnot forgetting one’s root are also depicted in this research. Diaspora literature can, thus, adopt African history, African belief system and world-views to anticipate a better future for Africans both at home and in the Diaspora.

THE EFFECT OF POPULATION DYNAMICS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA

Apinoko Raphael, Olowu I. Peter, Ikporo Kenneth — Thu, 09 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the relationship between population dynamics (measured population growth rate) and economic growth in Nigeria, while controlling for the effect of unemployment rate, and infant mortality rate. Secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin, World Bank World Development Indicator (WDI) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Annual Abstracts were analyzed using time-series methods such as Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root, bound co-integration, and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methods. The study was able to verified that there is cointegrating relationship between population dynamics proxy and economic growth index using the bound test method. Findings from the use of the ARDL method indicated that population growth rate, unemployment rate, and infant mortality rate had insignificant impact on economic growth. The result showed that increasing levels of population growth rate and infant mortality rate are harmful to the Nigerian economy, as unemployment had positive relationship with economic growth. These results suggest that, fluctuating levels of total output in Nigeria is not due to population dynamics. On the basis of these findings, there is for government to put in place mechanism that will checkmate the growing level of population and address the soaring infant mortality rates. These can be achieved by providing quality healthcare facilities to aid safe birth and an aggressive campaign on family planning through the collaboration of the National Orientation Agency (NOA), non-profit organizations and civil society organizations (CSOs). Implement policies that will improve technological advancement and human capital development in Nigeria

Influence of Chaos and Order of Life System on Education

Peng Haiyan — Sun, 12 May 2024 18:12:02 +0000

This paper mainly discuss that life system is a complex structure of chaos and order. The order of life is supported by replication of inherited genes and conversion of energy, while the chaos is due to loss of energy and inevitable genetic mutation. In face of lively student, we should not only follow the linear rules of education, but also respect the individual created by nature.

La dichotomie Orient / Occident : Entre fascination et domination

Nisrine Laaid — Thu, 16 May 2024 13:51:18 +0000

The relationship between East and West is a complex dichotomy. Often considered exotic by the West, the Orient has been shaped by centuries of history, art and cultural ideas that reinforce Western stereotypes and fantasies about this part of the world. At the same time, the West often projects its own values and standards onto the East, expressing a desire for Westernization. This desire can take many forms, from cultural appropriation to political and economic domination. This dynamic raises profound questions about power, difference and identity, highlighting issues of representation and the balance of power between the two cultures. In this context, Oriental exoticism becomes both an object of fascination and a tool of domination, reflecting the tensions and desires of the encounter between East and West.

Scène littéraire francophone et perspectives postcoloniales : quelques réflexions

LAHRAOUI Salma — Sat, 18 May 2024 15:09:38 +0000

Définies comme un champ d’étude pluridisciplinaire qui examine et décortique les rapports de pouvoir, les études postcoloniales ont pour dessein la critique de la nature des relations existant entre le colonisé et le colonisateur. Cette vague de plumes qui tend à déconstruire les représentations binaires ne se limite pas à la pensée. En effet, nous assistons, également, à l’émergence d’une littérature qui cherche à affirmer la puissance d’agir et de disposer de soi du colonisé en lui restituant la parole qui lui a été jusque-là confisquée. Elle consiste, de ce fait, en un exercice de décentrement du regard sur l’Histoire. Aussi est-elle destinée à réapproprier et à restaurer une identité clivée et aliénée. Ce mérite de dépasser les apories de l’Histoire se trouve accompagné de la (re)mise en question de plusieurs problématiques notamment l’esthétique du roman et particulièrement la langue et l’identité.