FORENSIC AUDITING PRACTICES AND FRAUD MITIGATION OF QUOTED DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGERIA
Abstract
The study sought to establish the relationship between forensic auditing practices and fraud mitigation from 2012-2022 for quoted DMBs in Nigeria. The selected predictor proxies included Fraud Investigation (FGN) and Fraud Litigation Support Services (FLS), whereas the criterion proxies were Corporate Governance (CTG), Internal Auditing (IAD) and Internal Control System (ICS). The study employed survey and ex-post facto research designs wherein primary and secondary data were used. The data spanned the period between 2012 and 2022. The data used for the analysis were ratings from questionnaires and the average figures from annual publish statement of account and Nigeria Stock Exchange statistical data. The data was analyzed using E-view-10 statistical software package. The study results established that secondary data proxies. The questionnaires were administered to the management staff of 24 quoted DMBs in Nigeria. Using panel OLS there exist a positive and significant relationship between the variables under investigation. It was recommended that the Management of DMBs Nigeria should put in place an internal control system that would allow each branch monitor its detailed daily financial operations, and NDIC in conjunction with CBN and other regulatory agencies should sustain the enforcement of compliance with the forensic auditing features to guarantee an enduring sanity in financial practices.
Downloads
References
Abdi, H., Chin, W. W., Vinzi, V. E., Russolillo, G., &Trinchera, L. (2013). New perspectives in partial least squares and related methods. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 56, (56). 1-351.
Achaka, B.A. (2004). Fraudulent practices and financial regulatory audit of terminal benefit of employees, tax revenues and monetized allowance, paper presented at ICAN national workshop. Jos. 7-10 August. Adamu joji Publishers, Kano. Nigeria.
Adepate, O. (2010). Laws on forensic investigation”. The Nation Newspaper, July 27.
Adetiloye, C., Owkoyo, F.N. & Taiwo, C.B. (2016). Fraud prevention, mitigation and management practices in Nigeria firms. Journal of Business and Management, 11(3), 7-14.
Adeyemi, B. &Adenugba, A., (2011). Corporate Governance in the Nigerian financial sector: the efficacy of internal control and external audit. Global Conference on Business and Finance Proceedings, 6(2), 699-707.
Agbelusi, T.O. (2006) Fraud malpractice in the banking industry. Business Times 12th April 2006.
Aksoy, T. (2007). Basel II veİçKontrol. Ankara, Basak Publishing.
Alao, A.A. (2016). Forensic auditing and financial fraud in Nigeria deposit money banks (DMBs). European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research,4(8), 1-19.
Albrecht, W. S., Albrecht, C. & Albrecht, C. C. (2008). Current trends in fraud and its detection: a global perspective. Information Security Journal, 17(2), 12-30. Retrieved from www.ebscohost.com on 11th June, 2014.
Albrecht, W. S., Hill, N. C., &Albrecht, C. C. (2006). The ethics development model applied to declining ethics in accounting. Australian Accounting Review, 16(1), 30-40.
Albretch, C., &Albretch, U. (2001). Can Auditors Detect Fraud? A Review of Research Evidence. Journal of Forensic Accounting1(11), 1-2.
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).(2008). Considerations of fraud in a financial statement audit. Statement on Auditing Standard (SAS) No. 99, 1719-1770.Retrieved from https://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/AuditAttest/DownloadableDocuments/ AU-00316.pdf
Amudo, A. & Inanga, E.L. (2009). Evaluation of internal control systems: a case study from Uganda, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 2(7), 1450-2887.
Anderson, U.L. & Koonce, L. (1995), Explanation as a method for evaluating clientsuggested causes in analytical procedures, Auditing Journal, 14 (2), 124-129.
Apostolou, B., Hassell, J.M., & S.A. Webber (2000). Forensic expert classification of management fraud risk factors, Journal of Forensic Accounting, I (18), 11-92.
Asukwo, P.E. (1999). Bank Frauds: A Look at the Nigerian Banking Clearing System, ICAN News,
Awoyemi, E.O. (2009), A Guide to Government Accounting and Internal Audit, onibonoje publishers, Ibadan Nigeria.
Ball, R. (2009). Market and political/regulatory perspectives on the recent accounting scandals, Journal of Accounting Research, 47 (2), 277-323.
Bell, T.B. &Carcello, J.V. (2000), A decision aid for assessing the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting, Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 19, 1, 169-184.
Bies, R.J., 2001. Interactional (in)justice: the sacred and the profane. In: Greenberg, J., Cropanzano, R. (Eds.), Advances in Organizational Justice. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp. 89–118.
Boulescu (2003) An empirical test of Bentham‟s theory of the persuasiveness ofevidence‟, Auditing: Journal of Practice and Theory, 15(1).1–22.
Brockner, J., 2002. Making sense of procedural fairness: how high procedural fairness can reduce or heighten the influence of outcome favorability. Academy of Management Review 27 (1), 58–76.
Chakrabarty, R. (2013). Tools to detect financial fraud, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology,2(9). 3085-3094.
Chen, C.C., 1995. New trends in rewards allocation preferences: a Sino-U.S. comparison. Academy of Management Journal 56 (2), 408–428.
Cheng, J.-H., & Chen, M.-C. (2016). Influence of institutional and moral orientations on relational risk management in supply chains. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 22(2), 12-21.
Chi-Chi, O.A &Ebimobowei, A. (2012). Fraudulent activities and forensic accounting services of banks in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. ICAN journal, 2014.
COSO Report (2002). Effective internal control system for fraud detection, a paper intended for presentation at the First National Conference on Ethical Issues in Accounting, organized by the Department of Accounting BUK From 6- 10 January, 2003 (Unpublished).
Cressey, D. R. (1953). Other people’s money. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1-300.
Cropanzano, R., Li, A., Benson III, L., 2011a. Peer justice and teamwork processes. Group and Organization Management 36 (5), 567–576.
Cropanzano, R., Stein, J.H., Nadisic, T., 2011b. Social Justice and the Experience of Emotion. Routledge, New York.
Crumbley, D. L (2003). Forensic and Investigative Accounting. CCH Publishing.
Crumbley, D.L. (2009). So, what is forensic accounting? The ABO Reporter.
Cugueró-Escofet, N., Rosanas, J.M., 2013. The justice design and use of management control systems as requirements for goal congruence. Management Accounting Research 24 (1), 23–40.
Dandago, K.I. (2009), Auditing in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Text,
Degboro, D., &Olofinsola, J.(2007). Forensic accountants and the litigation support engagement. Nigerian Accountant, 40(2), 49-52.
Dele, O. Y. (2016). Role of internal audit in Nigeria local governments: A case study of Ijebu Ode local government of Ogun state, Nigeria. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning 2(2), 41-49. Online at http//: g/journals/index.php/JSMaP/http://edupediapublications.
Demirel,Y& Yucel, L (2013). The effect of organizational justice on organizational commitment: A study on automotive industry.International Journal of Social Sciences, 11 (3), 26-36.
Dhar, P., & Sarkar, A. (2010). Forensic accounting: an Accountant’s vision. Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce,15(3),93-104.Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f26/337b3959dffb766a7464410de67b86398329.pdf?_ga=2.2298243.929263 868.1585807 898-2100778558.1584432533
Egbunike, P. A. &Egbunike, F.C. (2017). An empirical examination of challenges faced by internal auditors in public sector audit in south-eastern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 2(3), 1-13.
Ewa, U. E, &Udoayang, J. O. (2012). The impact of internal control design on banks’ ability to investigate staff fraud, and life style and fraud detection in Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences, 2 (I2), 32-44
Ewofe, A.O. Abilogun, T.O. Omoolorun, A.J. &Elaiho, E.M. (2017). Bank fraud and preventive measures in Nigeria an empirical review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,7(7), 41-51.
Eyisi, A.S. &Agbaeze, E.K. (2014). The impact of forensic auditors in corporate governance, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 3(2), 404– 417.
Fatt, Khi, & Heng. (2010). A Study of Relationship between organizational justice and job satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Management, 2(4), 102-127.
Fernandes, &Awamleh. (2010). A Study of Relationship between Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), 103-117.
Fynefaceph, A.N.D. &Aladeji, O.E. (2013). Fraud prevention, mitigation and management practices in Nigeria firms. Journal of Business and Management,11(3), 7-14.
Gardner, R. M. (2005). Practical crime scene processing and investigation. Washington DC: CRC Press.
Garfinkel,S. (2006). Forensic feature extraction and cross-drive analysis. http://www.simson.net/clips/academic/2006. DFRWS.pdf.
Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399-432.
Harwood A (2016). An examination of the impact of obedience pressure on perceptions of fraudulent acts and the likelihood of committing occupational fraud. Journal of Forensic Studies Accounting Business, Winter 1(1), 1-9.
Hashim, K. F. (2012). Understanding the determinants of continuous knowledge sharing intention within business online communities. Auckland University of Technology.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York and London.
Hirst, D.E. & Koonce, L. (1996), Audit analytical procedures: A field investigation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 13 (2), 457-486.
Hollensbe, E.C., Khazanchi, S., Masterson, S.S., (2008). How do I assess if my supervisor and organization are fair? Identifying the rules underlying the entity-based justice perceptions. Academy of Management Journal 51 (6), 1099–1116.
Hooper, M. J,.&Pornelli, C. M. (2010). Deterring and detecting financial fraud: a platform for action.http://www.thecaq.org/docs/reports-and-publications/deterring-and-detectingfinancial-reporting-fraud-aplatform-for
Hopwood, W., Young, G. and Leiner, J. (2013). Forensic Accounting and Fraud Examination, New York: McGraw Hill.
Huber, D.W. (2012), Is forensic accounting in the United States becoming a profession? Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting, 4(1), 255-283
Ironkwe, U. I. &Ordu, P.A. (2015). The impact of internal controls on financial management: a case of production companies in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and ManagementUnited Kingdom, III (12),103-132.
Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Chang, C. H. (2011). To aggregate or not to aggregate: steps for developing and validating higher-order multidimensional constructs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(3), 241–248.
Kaval, H. (2005). MuhasebeDenetimi, Ankara, Gazi Publishing House.
Keskin, D.A. (2006). İçKontrolSistemiKontrolÖzDeğerlendirme, Istanbul, Beta Publishing House.
Kumar, S.M. & Venkataraman, R. (2020). An empirical study on forensic accounting for corporate fraud management. Retrieved from https://researchgate.net/publication/338792720.
Lavelle, J., Rupp, D.E., Brockner, J., (2007). Taking a multifoci approach to the study of justice, social exchange, and citizenship behavior: the target similarity model. Journal of Management 33 (6), 841–866.
Lister, L. M. (2007). A Practical Approach to Fraud Risk: Internal Auditors.
Maarten, V. H. (2010). Technology crime investigation. http://www.daemon.be/forensics.html. Retrieved 18, August.
Mackevicius, J., &Giriunas, L. (2013). Transformational research of the fraud triangle. EKONOMICA, 92(4), 150-163.
Mahdi, S. & Zhila, A. (2008). Fraud detection and audit expectation gap: empirical from Iranian bankers. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(10): 65-67.
Matar, A. &Eneizan, B.M. (20180. Determinants of financial performance in the industrial firms: evidence from Jordan. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology,22(1) 1-10.
Matarneh, A.J. Moneim, U. A & Al-Miner, M. (2015). The intellectual convergence between the forensic audit and the external auditor toward the professionalism in Jordan. International Journal of Business and Management,10(11), 138-148.
Mohyeldin, A., & Tahire, S. (2007). Links between justice, satisfaction and performance in the workplace. Journal of Management Development,26 (4), 294-311.
Moyes G., Lin, P. & Landry-Jr, R. (2005). Raise the red flag: internal auditor, Prentice: 47-51.
Ngwenya, B. & Kakunda, R. (2014). Challenges of internal auditing in the public sector organizations and their effect on internal auditors’ job satisfaction: a case study of public institutions in Chingola district, Zambia. International Journal of Research in Computer Application & Management 4(12), 1-3. Online at http://ijrcm.org.in/
Ntongo, V. (2012). Internal controls, financial accountability and service delivery in private health providers of Kampala district. An MBA thesis submitted at Makerere University.
Nwaze, C. (2008). Quality and internal control challenges in contemporary Nigeria banking. Zenith economic quarterly, Zenith bank plc, 3(2): 21-32.
Nwosu, M.E., (2015). Forensic auditing and financial accounting in Nigeria: An assessment. International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 2(7),6-11
Obaretin,O. (2010). Effectiveness of the application of forensic accounting services in Nigerian organizations. Journal of Management Sciences, 1(1), 171-184.
Okezie A. (2012). An analysis of fraud in Nigerian Banks. American Charter of Economics and Finance, 1 (2), 60-73.
Okiro, K. & Abdi, G.A. (2018). The impact of forensic audit services on fraud detection among commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Creative Research and Studies,2(10),34-50.
Okolie, A.& Taiwo, A. (2014). The application of information technology to forensic investigations in Nigeria. Department of Accounting, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.
Olalere, A. A. (2013). The mediating effect of contextual characteristics on collectivist dynamics and entity-based creativity among faculty in higher education. Clemson University.
Olatunji, O.C. (2009). Impact of internal control system in banking sector in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 181-189.
Onodi, B. E., Okafor, T. G., &Onyali, C. I. (2015). The impact of forensic investigative methods on corporate fraud deterrence in banks in Nigeria. European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and, Finance, 3(4),69-85.Retrieved from https://www.eajournals.org/journals/europeanjournal-of-accounting-auditingand-finance-research-ejaafr/vol-3issue-4-april-2015/theimpact-of-forensicinvestigativemethods-on-corporate-frauddeterrence-in-banks-in-nigeria/
Onoh, J.U. (2002). Dynamics of money banking and finance in Nigeria: An emerging market, Aba, Astra Meridian publishing.
Osuka, B.O. & Richard, C.O. (2013). The determinants of financial performance of quoted banks in Nigeria. A study of selected deposit money banks (2001-2010). International Journal of Educational and Research, 1(10), 1-18.
Oyedokun, G. E. (2013). Audit, investigation and forensic accounting: Similarities and differences.Being a lecture delivered at the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria’s forensic accounting certification program.
Oyedokun, G. E. (2018). Forensic investigation and forensic audit methodology in a computerized work environment. Retrieved from https://researchgate.net/publiscation/3154339
Ozili, P.K. (2015). Forensic accounting and fraud: A review of literature and policy implications, International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 3 (1), 63-68.
Ozten. S. &Kargın S. (2012). BankacılıktaİçKontrolFaaliyetleriKapsamındaKredilerKontrolü Ve MuhasebeleştirmeSüreci, AfyonKocatepe University Publishing.
Patel, V. K. (2012). Extended stakeholder orientation: influence on innovation orientation and firm performance. Kennesaw State University.
Peloubet, M. E. (1946). Forensic accounting: its place in today’s economy. Journal of Accountancy,1(6), 458-462.
Porter (2013). The effects of financial fraud and liquidity on financial performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya. University of Nairobi Depository,
Pule-Pule, M. W. (2014). Impact of internal audit management on public sector administration in the North West province. an MBA mini-dissertation submitted at the Graduate School of Business and Government Leadership at the Mafikeng Campus of the Northwest University, South Africa.
Rae, K., and Subramaniam, N. (2008). Quality of internal control procedures: antecedents and moderating effect on organizational justice and employee fraud. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23(2), 104-124
Reed II, A., Aquino, K., (2003). Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (6), 1270–1286.
Rezaee, Z. (2005). Causes, consequences, and deterrence of financial statement fraud”. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 16 (3), 277-298.
Rupp, D.E., Shao, R., Jones, K.S., Liao, H., (2014). The utility of a multi-foci approach to the study of organizational justice: a metanalytic investigation into the consideration of normative rules, moral accountability, bandwidth-fidelity, and social exchange. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 12 (3), 159–185.
Ryan, N. (2015). Fraud prevention, introduction, implementation and control. Review of Finance Journal,13(2), 115-145.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Pearson Education Limited (Fifth).
Sekaran, U. (2006). Research method of business: a skill-building approach. Macmillan Publishers.
Serem, E.K. (2016). The relationship between internal management controls and efficiency of service delivery of commercial banks in Kenya. MBA thesis submitted at University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Seuring, S., & Müller, M. (2008). From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(15), 1699-1710.
Shahbaz, M. S., Chandio, A. F., Oad, M., Ahmed, A., & Ullah, R. (2018). Stakeholders’ management approaches in construction supply chain, Macmillan Publishers.
Sharma, A. and Panigrahi, P.K. (2013). A review of financial accounting fraud detection based on data mining techniques. arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.3944.
Shaw, J.C., Wild, E., Colquitt, J.A., (2003). To justify or excuse? a meta-analytic review of the effects of explanations. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2), 444–458.
Socol, A. (2011), Internal banking control and audit: a comparative approach in the Romanian banking sector. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 13(2), 396-403.
Springer. L, & Wan, H. L. (2016). Organizational Justice and citizenship behaviour in Malaysia. Singapore: Springer.
Talbot, B. (2017). Auditing and resources management in Nigerian public sector: a study of local governments in Rivers State. an unpublished MBA Thesis at University of Port Harcourt Business School, Nigeria.
Tharenou, P., Donohue, R., & Cooper, B. (2007). Management research methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tyler, T.R., (2006). Why people obey the law. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
United Nations Development Programme. (2016). Human development report 2016. United Nations Development Programme. https://doi.org/eISBN: 978-92-1-060036-1.
Vance, S. (1983). Corporate leadership: Boards, directors and strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Vinzi, V. E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (2011). Handbook of partial least squares: concepts, methods and applications. London:
Vona, I. W. (2008). Fraud risk assessment: building a fraud audit programme: Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.
Vukadinoc, A, knezevic, G &Mizdvakovic, F. (2015). The characteristics of forensic audit and differences in relation to external audit. Contemporary Financial Journal, 2(2), 202-205.
Webster (2012). Proactive measures to guard against fraud/cash theft in the banking industry and in organizations. NDIC Quarterly, 17(3/4).
Whitten, G. D., Kenneth, W. G., &Zelbst, P. J. (2012). Triple-A supply chain performance. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 32(1), 28–48.
Wolf, D.T. & Hermanson, D.R. (2004). The fraud diamond: considering the four elements of fraud, The Certified Public Accountants Journal, 17(3), 4-17.
Wolfe, D., & Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The fraud diamond: considering four elements of fraud. The CPA Journal, 74 (12), 38-42.
Woolf, E. (1985), Auditing today, Prentice Hall Ltd., London, UK.
Yavuz, S.T. (2002), İçKontrolFonksiyonununBileşenleri – İçKontrolMerkeziTeftiş’ten (İçDenetim’den) Farklı Bir Mekanizmamıdır?,BankacılarDergisi, 4 (2), 39-56.
Zachariah P., Masoyi, A. D., Ernest, E. I.and Gabriel, A.O. (2014) Application of forensic auditing in reducing fraud cases in Nigeria Money Deposit Banks, Global Journal of Management and Business Research: D Accounting andAuditing, 14(3), 12-32.
The authors and co-authors warrant that the article is their original work, does not infringe any copyright, and has not been published elsewhere. By submitting the article to GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, the authors agree that the journal has the right to retract or remove the article in case of proven ethical misconduct.