GPH-International Journal of Biological & Medicine Science

Benefit from integrating zinc oxide nanoparticles with probiotic bacteria to produce strong Biofertilizer for increasing the production of agricultural crops, vegetables and fruits

2025-07-25T12:52:40+00:00

In this research, new methods were found to produce a strong, In this study, zinc oxide useful and usable biofertilizer in any agricultural soil and with any agricultural crop, whether fruit or vegetables, which is Nanoparticles is combined and it is incubated and prepared with some important nutrients for the growth and reproduction of the probiotic bacteria microorganisms present together to produce a biofertilizer and organic fertilizer rich in important nutrients for plant growth and increased production of agricultural crops, A mixed and combined nutritional medium of many materials and vegetables and fruits. nutrients suitable for the purpose of growing many living microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi and controlling the growth rates of microorganisms with the percentage of food present in the biofertilizer (F/M Ratio ).It was reached to increase the efficiency of agricultural fertilizer production, the work of biological fertilizers, and the production of a new strong and effective biological product in increasing the production of agricultural crops and supplying the plant with what it needs from important nutrients to increase growth, early production and improve the quality of agricultural soil. The main goal of adding many food media is the multiplicity and diversity of the carbon source, the multiplication of the growth of microbial isolates, the increase in their numbers, the reduction of growth, reproduction and regeneration quickly, and to reach an increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of biological fertilizer for soil and plants together, as it is considered an integrated nutrient medium. Biofertilizers, a sustainable ecofriendly agricultural approach to crop improvement is used to supplement chemical fertilizers mainly to maintain soil fertility. Continuous application of expensive chemical fertilizers causes reduction of organic matter content in soil and also microbial activity drastically. Biofertilizers are organic, biodegradable. They contain micro-organisms, provide nutrients viz., N, P, K and other nutrients, antibiotics, hormones like auxins, cytokinin, vitamins which enrich root rhizosphere. The present article highlights biofertilizer mediated crop functional such as plant growth and productivity, nutrient profile, plant protection and there by crop improvement. The knowledge gained from the literature appraised here in will help us to understand the physiological bases of biofertilizers towards sustainable agriculture in reducing problems associated with the use of chemicals fertilizers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to adapt biological sciences applications in agriculture field. Biotechnology is an amalgamation of variety of disciplines- molecular biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, genetics and microbiology. The usage of combinations of these disciplines in agricultural field leads to generation of biotech crops with increased yield and enhanced quality. Agriculture biotechnology not only upgrades the quality but also utilizes the resources and livestock for the well-being of animals and wild plants. Phosphorus, Probiotic bacteria with yoghurt and sugar Charcoal sodium chloride and some other nutrients such as flour and starch are mixed with zinc oxide nano particles to produce a bio-fertilizer fully of nutrients necessary for plant growth, increase the production of agricultural crops, which improve the quality characteristics of agricultural soil, treat stress and poor production and some agricultural pests that may negatively affect plant growth and work to reduce the rate of increase of agricultural crops, vegetables and fruits , and so it is necessary to find alternative strategy to increase availability of nutrients for plants. One possible way could be application of so called bioeffectors (BE) which should improve the mobilization of nutrients (especially phosphorus) from less available forms in soil, improve plant growth and contribute to mycorrhiza development. BEs are commercially supplied products which contain active substances (live microorganisms and active natural compounds). BEs can be used in organic agriculture, because their application represents no risk for the environment.

Safe Termination of Pregnancy in Southwest Nigeria: A Critical Review of Legal, Policy, and Health System Challenges for Reform

2025-07-30T08:48:49+00:00

Background: Unsafe abortion contributes significantly to Nigeria’s high maternal mortality rate, estimated at over 1,000 per 100,000 live births, with Southwest Nigeria facing persistent challenges despite advanced healthcare infrastructure. Restrictive laws, policy gaps, and sociocultural stigma drive clandestine procedures, exacerbating maternal morbidity.

Objective: This narrative review critically examines legal, policy, and health system barriers to safe pregnancy termination in Southwest Nigeria, proposing reforms to enhance maternal health outcomes.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted, synthesizing data from peer-reviewed articles (1990-2025), WHO/UNFPA documents, Nigerian laws, court rulings and anecdotal reports. Thematic analysis focused on legal frameworks, policy implementation, health system capacity, and sociocultural factors, with a specific emphasis on Southwest Nigeria.

Key Findings: Nigeria’s Criminal and Penal Codes restrict abortion to life-saving cases, pushing 45% of abortions into unsafe settings (WHO, 2024). The suspended Lagos 2022 Guidelines offered progress but faced backlash. The 2025 ECOWAS Court ruling highlighted Maputo Protocol obligations, yet non-domestication stalls reform. Limited provider training, inadequate primary health center infrastructure, and stigma hinder access, particularly for adolescents. Community resistance and weak data systems further complicate reform efforts.

Conclusion: Legal reform to clarify indications, state-level guidelines aligned with WHO standards, and integration of safe abortion into reproductive health services are critical. Capacity-building, improved data collection, and community engagement with faith-based groups can reduce stigma and enhance access, positioning Southwest Nigeria as a model for national reform. With resolute political leadership, Southwest Nigeria can pioneer national reform, ensuring equitable, safe reproductive healthcare.

First Record and Southern Range Expansion of Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda: Subulinidae) in Iraq

2025-09-01T11:45:54+00:00

We provide the first confirmed record of the decollate snail, Rumina decollata, from Basrah City, southern Iraq. The specimens were obtained from a semi-urban garden habitat and identified using key morphological characteristics: the decollate (truncated) spire and the elongate, cylindrical shell. Morphometric analysis of 30 adult specimens revealed a mean shell length of 29.36 mm, a mean width of 10.77 mm, and a total mean weight of 1.87 g. This record extends the known distribution of R. decollata to the southernmost extent of Iraq and complements previous records from Diyala and the Middle Euphrates region. Rumina decollata has been introduced from the Mediterranean as a predatory species and a potentially invasive species, and may threaten the native land snail community structure. These data serve as a reminder to further monitor on a broader scale, conduct genetic analysis, and evaluate ecological risk assessment on pathways of introduction, establishment and potential impact across terrestrial ecosystems of Iraq.