ANALYSES OF THE GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE MACEDONIAN LABOUR MARKET AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Keywords:
women’s entrepreneurship, labor market, policy recommendations
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to provide critical analysis of the current position of women in the Macedonian labor market and to point out the opportunities and barriers for Macedonian women entrepreneurs. The paper methodology is largely based on the classical methods of desk-based research of the available literature and data retrieved from comparable international databases such as Eurostat, GEM Special Report of Women’s Entrepreneurship, Female Entrepreneurship Index, and data from national sources. Women in North Macedonia still have lower participation in the labor force, suffer from higher rates of unemployment and women's entrepreneurship is underdeveloped and there is a lack of governmental support into concrete policies. Finances, lack of information, and knowledge of how to run and manage a business as well as the challenge to balance the work and family engagements are the main problems facing women entrepreneurs in the Republic of North Macedonia. Other constraints include socio-cultural barriers; barriers relating to networks of information and assistance, and access to finance and investment funds.
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References
References
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Association of business women Macedonia. 2015. Analysis of female entrepreneurship In Macedonia. Press Conference, Skopje
Bosma, N. S., and Levie, J. 2010. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2009. Executive Report. Utrecht University. Accessed 04.05.2018 from https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/209570
Buşan. G. ENTREPRENEURSHIP, THE MAIN FACTOR OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Economy Series . 2015, Issue 3, p74-79 Accessed 04.05.2018 from
http://www.utgjiu.ro/revista/ec/pdf/2015-03/12_Busan%20Gabi.pdf
Bruin A., Brush, CG and Welter, F. 2007. Advancing a framework for coherent research on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31(3): 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.x
Brush, C. G., de Bruin, A., & Welter, F. 2009. A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1):8-24. DOI: 10.1108/17566260910942318.
Cavalcanti, Tiago V. de V., and José Tavares. 2016. The Output Cost of Gender Discrimination: A Model-Based Macroeconomics Estimate. Economic Journal 126 (590): 109–34. Available Online: http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~depeco/ft-0708-JTavares.pdf [Accessed Aug. 01, 2018]
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CSF. 2018. Gender Issues in the Western Balkans. Western Balkans Summit in London. Policy Brief .No. 04. April, 2018. Available online: http://wb-csf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CSF-PB-04-Gender-Issues-in-the-Western-Balkans.pdf [Accessed May 20, 2018].
Cuberes, David, and Mark Teignier. 2016. Aggregate Effects of Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate. Journal of Human Capital 10 (1): 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1086/683847
European Commission, 2017. Annual Report on European SMEs 2016/2017: Focus on self-employment. SME Performance Review. 2016/2017 Brussels. 23 November 2017. Available at: https://www.smeacademy.eu/reports--results/annual-report-on-european-smes-2016-2017 [Accessed May 20, 2018].
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https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2016.0034
Global Entrepreneurial Monitor - Global Report 2016/17, pp.58. Available Online: http://gemconsortium.org/report/49860 [Accessed Jul. 24, 2018].
GEM, 2015. Special report – Women’s entrepreneurship. 2015. Available Online:
http://gemorg.bg/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/gem-2014-womens-report-1447757361.pdf [Accessed Jul. 24, 2018].
Goyal, P., & Yadav, V. 2014. To be or not to be a woman entrepreneur in a developing country? Psycho sociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 2 (2), 68–78. Available Online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271520855_TO_BE_OR_NOT_TO_BE_A_WOMAN_ENTREPRENEUR_IN_A_DEVELOPING_COUNTRY [Accessed June, 04. 2018].
Henry, C., Foss, L., & Ahl, H. 2016. Gender and entrepreneurship research: A review of methodological approaches. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 217–241. DOI: 10.1177/0266242614549779
Hughes, K. D., Jennings, J. E., Brush, C. G., Carter, S., & Welter, F. 2012. Extending women’s entrepreneurship research in new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36, 429–442. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00504.x
ILO, 2015. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends (2015, WESO report). Geneva, Switzerland. Available Online: http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/weso/2015/lang--en/index.htm [Accessed May 10, 2018].
ILO, 2018. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends for Women. 2018. Global snapshot. Available Online: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_619577.pdf [Accessed June, 10. 2018].
Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. 2013. Research on women entrepreneurs: challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2013.782190
Malyadri, G. 2014. Role of Women Entrepreneurs in the Economic Development of India. Indian Journal of Research, Vol.3, No. 3, Pp. 104-105. Available Online: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/recent_issues_pdf/2014/March/March_2014_1394869663_a457c_36.pdf [Accessed Jun. 10, 2018].
Minniti, M. 2010. Female entrepreneurship and economic activity. European Journal of Development Research, 22: 294-312. Available online: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057%2Fejdr.2010.18 [Accessed Jul. 21, 2018].
OECD. 2004. Women entrepreneurship: Issues and policies. Istanbul, Turkey. 3-5 June 2004. OECD Conference of Ministers responsible for SMEs. Available online: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/31919215.pdf [Accessed May 10, 2018].
Silverstein M. J & Sayre, K. 2009. The Female Economy. Harvard business review. September 2009. Available Online: https://hbr.org/2009/09/the-female-economy [Accessed June, 10. 2018].
State Statistical Office (SSO). 2016. Labour force survey, 2016. 2017. Skopje. Available Online: http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/2.4.17.02.pdf [Accessed May 5, 2018].
State Statistical Office (SSO). 2018. Macedonia in Figures, 09.05.2018. Skopje. Available Online: http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/MakBrojki2018_en.pdf [Accessed Jul. 21, 2018].
Trading economics, 2018. Macedonia GDP per capita. PPP. Available Online: https://tradingeconomics.com/macedonia/gdp-per-capita-ppp [Accessed Jul. 30, 2018].
Trading economics, 2018a. Macedonia Unemployment Rate: 1993-2018. Available Online: https://tradingeconomics.com/macedonia/unemployment-rate [Accessed Jul. 24, 2018].
Welsh M. 1988. The Corporate Enigma: Women Business Owners in New Zealand, GP Books, Wellington.
World Bank. 2014. STRATEGY FOR PARTNERSHIP WITH THE COUNTRY FOR THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA FOR THE PERIOD 2015 - 2018FG August 25, 2014 Report no. 89556-MK pp.8- 10 Available from: http://www.merc.org.mk/Files/Write/Documents/03555/mk/WB_2014_Strategija-za-partnerstvo-so-zemjata-za-RM-period-2015-2018.pdf [Accessed Jul. 01.2018]
World Bank. 2018. Women, Business and the Law 2018 Available from: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/999211524236982958/WBL-Key-Findings-Web-FINAL-2.pdf [Accessed Aug. 01. 2018]
World Economic Forum. 2017. The Global Gender Gap Report 2017. Pp.10-13 Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdf [Accessed Jul 30, 2018].
Published
2021-09-09
How to Cite
TOSHEVA, E., BOJKOVSKA, K., & ANGELOSKA-DICHOVSKA, M. (2021). ANALYSES OF THE GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE MACEDONIAN LABOUR MARKET AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT. GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(08), 26-39. Retrieved from https://gphjournal.org/index.php/ssh/article/view/475
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